June 29, 2006
Computer Vision Syndrome
What is Computer Vision Syndrome?
Your work environment could be hazardous to your health! Computer Vision Syndrome is a very real eye problem that affects many individuals who spend a good part of their days staring at computer monitors. But it's not just the computer monitor that is causing this eye problem.
The environment in which the computer work is taking place can be adding to the problems associated with Computer Vision Syndrome. Inadequate lighting, glare from windows, fluorescent lighting, sitting too close or too far away from the computer monitor and the manner in which the contents are being displayed on the monitor can all aggravate this syndrome.
The letters on a computer screen are not straight lines as they are on printed material, which the eye can easily focus on. They instead consist of pixels or tiny dots on which the eye has to constantly focus and refocus, and that creates fatigue and strain.
Symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome
The most notable symptom of Computer Vision Syndrome is eyestrain which causes eyes to feel tired and/or sore. However, other parts of the body can also be affected. Headaches, neck aches and backaches are common symptoms. Problems with vision are also symptoms and can include any or all of the following: blurred vision, double vision and/or distorted color vision.
Another symptom is eyes that are slow to change focus. For example, when looking at something in the distance and then quickly changing to look at something close up (or vice versa) there is a lag in the eye's ability to bring the newer image into focus. The constant work being performed by the focusing muscles makes eyes tired. With Computer Vision Syndrome eyes tend to also have a dry or a burning sensation.
Who is at risk?
Anyone, male or female is at risk of developing Computer Vision Syndrome if he or she spends long periods of time working at a computer. The people who develop symptoms of this syndrome tend to not take breaks, whether physical or visual. Getting up from the workstation and periodically focusing on something other than the computer monitor are important to prevent the onset of Computer Vision Syndrome.
Early detection/treatment
When a person's daily routine consists of 2 or more hours of work on a computer, it's important to tell the eye doctor. If the patient is experiencing the symptoms mentioned above, the eye doctor can use a PIRO instrument to test for Computer Vision Syndrome. The purpose of this instrument is to simulate what an individual sees on a computer screen. It's positioned at a distance comparable to that of the patient's monitor. Using this instrument, vision is tested. A reduced Snellen card can also be used.
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In most cases, computer eyeglasses need to be prescribed to put an end to the symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome. They generally will have a different prescription than regular eyeglasses. Computer eyeglasses may also include a computer tint, UV tint, anti-reflective coating and possibly a prism.
Posted by Vision at 10:00 PM | Comments (0)
June 28, 2006
Low Vision
Understanding Low Vision
Are you having trouble recognizing faces you know are familiar?
When you are reading, do the letters seem distorted or appear to be broken? Are you having trouble seeing obstacles below you like steps and curbs or around you such as walls or furniture? If you've been experiencing one or more of these types of vision problems, you may have a condition called Low Vision.
What is Low Vision?
Low vision is a condition that results in a partial loss of vision. It is not considered blindness, which is a total loss of vision, but it is an impairment that can drastically alter a person's quality of life. Basically Low Vision is a problem having to do with a person's vision that cannot be corrected using traditional remedies such as corrective lenses, surgery, medication or contact lenses.
Types
The most common form of Low Vision is one in which a person's visual acuity is diminished. Acuity refers to the sharpness of an image. With Low Vision a person cannot see as many details. But Low Vision can also result when a person's field of vision is obstructed, usually significantly. For example, the ability to see images off to the side may be affected. Or, an affected person may be considerably bothered by glare or by light.
Causes of Low Vision
The causes of Low Vision are many. Here are just a few of them: glaucoma, eye or head injury, stroke, cone-rod and rod-cone dystrophies, brain tumors or injury, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, optic and Leber's optic atrophy, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, optic nerve hypoplasis and heredity.
How to cope
As stated above, a vision loss of this nature can dramatically alter a person's well-being. Tasks as simple as using a computer or reading a book become nearly impossible. Low Vision is to date untreatable and that along with the fact that Low Vision often means a loss of independence is enough to dampen any person's spirit. Mobility may be impacted and oftentimes, those diagnosed with Low Vision are no longer able to operate motor vehicles as they are considered 'legally' blind. Sometimes affected individuals end up losing their jobs.
An Ophthalmologist's only option is to work to improve the vision that remains as best as he or she can.
Vision aids
Fortunately, a number of vision aids are available for individuals with Low Vision. Hand-held illuminated and non-illuminated magnifiers are very popular options, as are magnifiers that can be stationed permanently in a stand. Adjustable stands are also available. These stand magnifiers are available as either battery-operated or electrical models and can be illuminated or non-illuminated.
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Many different types of Low Vision eyeglasses are available as well. Reading spectacles, glasses with half-prisms, high-power bifocals and reading glasses, and microscopes and telescopes can help. There are monoculars, binoculars and absorptive lenses. And there are a number of different video magnifiers and other enlarging devices that have been created especially to help individuals with Low Vision resume a more normal way of life.
Posted by Vision at 09:58 PM | Comments (0)
June 27, 2006
PRK Laser Eye Surgery
The Laser Eye Surgery Known as PRK
Another popular laser eye surgery is PRK or Photorefractive Keratectomy. As with other types of laser eye surgery, PRK is a procedure during which the cornea is reshaped. Reshaping of the cornea with PRK is highly effective at restoring vision to 20/20 or better. And for approximately 80% of the patients, quality vision is achieved without the need to wear eye glasses or corrective lenses.
The laser eye surgery PRK differs from LASIK and LASEK in that the laser pulses the top of the cornea, not beneath it. This means it's not necessary to slice a thin hinged flap from the top of the cornea.
The benefits of PRK
Those who benefit from PRK laser eye surgery have mild to moderate degrees of farsightedness, nearsightedness or astigmatism. Fewer complications are other benefits. Slicing the corneal flap can cause problems beforehand if the flap is cut completely off the cornea rather than leaving it hinged. Recovery can also be hampered should the patient rub the eye and cause the flap to dislodge and interfere with the healing process.
The disadvantages of PRK
Oftentimes, PRK laser eye surgery causes more pain. Afterwards, discomfort often continues for several days. Eyes may be irritated and watery resulting in a longer healing time.
PRK laser eye surgery requires several months before 20/20 results are achieved. And even then, there is no guarantee that the patient will attain this level of vision without eye glasses. Halos around images and glare are two additional potential side effects.
Finally, PRK eye surgery generally does not cost any less than LASIK Surgery, with costs averaging around $2,000 per eye.
What is involved with PRK?
Prior to the PRK procedure an eye surgeon will take a complete medical history and perform a thorough round of eye testing to ensure the patient is a good candidate. Then a procedure date is scheduled.
Patients are given local anesthesia, and in just a few minutes, cool beams of laser are pulsed onto the top of the cornea, continuing until it is properly reshaped. A bandage that mimics a contact lens is put on the eye and remains for several days to allow for healing. During the next several months, regular follow-up visits with the eye surgeon are crucial.
Expect periods of good vision and blurry vision for several weeks. It's possible that glasses will need to be worn, especially at night. Eye drops will keep eyes moist and prevent infection. Operating a motor vehicle won't be possible for several weeks after the PRK procedure. Best vision won't be achieved until a minimum of 6 weeks and may take as much as 6 months.
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Selecting an ophthalmologist trained in PRK laser eye surgery is very important. Get referrals, interview several candidates and review the fine print to avoid miscommunication. It's best to avoid using ophthalmologists offering deep discounts and/or who utilize expensive advertising.
Posted by Vision at 09:56 PM | Comments (0)
June 26, 2006
Color Deficiency
Understanding and Living With Color Deficiency
A color deficiency is what most people mistakenly refer to as color blindness. Labeling an individual as color blind is inaccurate because overall a person's eyes function properly. The individual is able to detect, focus on and process images. Except for the condition called monochromacy, an affected person is not blind to color.
An individual with a color defect has difficulty distinguishing hues. Such a problem stems from the specialized cell receptors in the eyes called cones. Three different cones contain pigments that absorb various amounts of light. Wavelengths determine the amount of pigmentation the cones absorb and the absorption determines how the eye detects and blends the primary colors of red, green, blue and yellow.
Types of color deficiency
The hereditary forms of color deficiency fall into 3 categories: monochromacy, dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy.
Monochromacy means that a person is not capable of seeing any hue. It is the truest example of color blindness. An affected individual sees the world around him in black and white and shades of gray. This results from an absence or deficiency in the eye's cone receptor.
A person with dichromacy can distinguish hues so the defect is not quite as significant. Hues result as the eye's receptors react to the various wavelengths they continually receive. There are 3 forms of dichromacy and the differences between each involve the colors that can be detected.
For example, protonopia and dueteranopia mean that a person has difficulty distinguishing red/green/yellow but can see blue and yellow. The defect referred to as tritanopia is opposite: blues and yellows cannot be distinguished however reds and greens can. This latter condition is rarer and those with tritanopia find it easier to adjust to the world around them.
Those with anomalous trichromacy can distinguish hues, and can do this better than those with dichromacy. In fact some individuals are barely aware they have a color defect. The two categories of trichromacy include protanomaly and deuteranomaly.
The only type of color defect that is not hereditary is tritanomaly.
Living with a Color Defect
The majority of individuals affected by a color defect are affected from the moment they are born. Early detection is crucial so that accommodations can be made to ensure that impacts to a child's learning and development, in particular his perception of color, are limited. Adults with color defects find that some career paths are unattainable.
A color defect cannot be 'cured' therefore lifestyle modifications are necessary. Individuals learn to cope in a color-coded world by learning which colors belong where. A color deficiency doesn't prevent a person from operating a motor vehicle, however, an affected individual needs to learn and recognize roadways signs and their respective meanings. For example, he must memorize that the light at the top of traffic signal is always red, that green is on bottom and yellow is in the middle.
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Those with a color deficiency can benefit from having others help rearrange and organize their clothing. Doing so can eliminate the sometimes embarrassing situation of wearing mismatched colors of clothing.
Posted by Vision at 09:52 PM | Comments (0)
June 25, 2006
LASEK Laser Eye Surgery
Understanding LASEK Laser Eye Surgery
LASEK (Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis) laser eye surgery takes the most beneficial elements of two other types of laser eye surgery and combines them into one very effective surgical procedure. These other two laser eye surgeries are LASIK and PRK.
Unlike the LASIK procedure which involves using a sharp blade to slice off the top of the cornea, LASEK uses a solution consisting of diluted alcohol to loosen a thin layer from the epithelium so that it can be moved off to the side.
Benefits of LASEK laser eye surgery
One benefit of LASEK laser eye surgery is that it eliminates the risks associated with the corneal flap. With LASIK surgery, a very sharp blade called a microkeratome is used to cut the corneal flap. There have been cases in which the flap was cut too deeply or cut off completely instead of leaving it attached with a hinge, both of which are capable of causing any number of serious vision problems.
Healing is faster with LASEK because there is no cutting and because the epithelial flap can be used somewhat as a natural bandage after the procedure is finished. And unlike PRK, the chances of developing a glare after the operation are greatly diminished when using LASEK.
Risks/disadvantages
Risks associated with LASEK laser eye surgery are greatly diminished mainly due to the fact that no sharp device is being used to cut the cornea. There is some pain but it is minimal and is most often treated with over the counter medicines. Also, it is not possible to guarantee any type of vision results and glare, halos and dry eyes are potential side effects.
The LASEK procedure
Prior to the LASEK procedure, a patient must provide the eye surgeon with a complete medical history. Eye tests and other diagnostic procedures are undertaken to ensure the patient is a good candidate for LASEK laser eye surgery. On the day of the procedure, the eye is cleaned and prepped and an eye drop to numb the eye is administered. A special tool will hold the eyelids in place, preventing them from blinking.
The diluted alcohol solution is applied, the epithelium loosens, and it is gently pushed out of the way. The pre-calculated beams of ultra violet light are then pulsed onto the cornea and in just a minute or so, the procedure is complete.
Most patients will have blurred vision at first and won't be able to drive home from the procedure. Most need a day or two to rest. Vision will vary over the ensuing months.
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For best results, always use an eye surgeon who has experience with the LASEK laser eye surgery procedure. Never be afraid to ask a surgeon you're considering for the names and contact information of previous patients. If you get a list of contacts, be sure to call and ask about their experiences.
Posted by Vision at 09:50 PM | Comments (0)
June 24, 2006
Understanding Eye Care
Routine eye exams are important even for people who are not experiencing eye trouble. These are in-depth procedures that are usually performed by either an Ophthalmologist or Optometrist. How often a person needs an eye exam depends on a number of factors including age, overall health and whether or not eye disorders run in the family.
Children with no eye trouble need only have their eyes checked during routine visits to their pediatrician. This evaluation is commonly referred as a vision screening and should take place at a minimum, every 2 years. A vision screening is not as comprehensive as an eye exam, but it is invaluable in detecting early signs of eye/vision trouble.
For adults without eye trouble, eyes should be examined one time between the ages of 20-29, two times during the next 10 years, 2-4 times during the next 10 years and after age 65, eyes should be examined once every 1-2 years. People wearing corrective lenses should have their eyes examined yearly. Those with eye disorders should work out an examination schedule with their eye doctors.
What to expect from an eye exam
Using a light source, an external examination ensures the eyes 'look' right. You'll follow the doctor's pen (or other object) with your eyes to ensure the eye muscles function properly. When you read the illuminated chart with letters that get smaller the further down you go, your doctor is checking your visual acuity. If you need corrective lenses, you'll get a refractive assessment, a test that determines how light wave bend. The results of these tests help the doctor determine your prescription. He may put a Phoroptor, a device that resembles a big black mask, over your eyes in order to fine-tune these measurements.
Your peripheral vision will be tested. A slit lamp exam uses a microscope that emits a sharp beam of light to evaluate the cornea, lens and iris. The back of the eye is also examined and finally your eyes will be tested for glaucoma.
Ophthalmologist vs. Optometrist
The responsibilities and skills of an Ophthalmologist and an Optometrist are usually different, yet most people mistakenly use these terms interchangeably. Both professions involve eye care however the primary difference between the two is the presence of a medical degree. It is this degree that designates an Ophthalmologist as a medical doctor who has been trained in all areas of eye care including the ability to diagnose and treat eye disorders and diseases.
Ophthalmologists are qualified to perform eye surgery and they also know how to take proper eye measurements so they can accurately prescribe corrective lenses. Their training helps them dispense advice for preventing blindness and also enables them to assist those who are blind. In addition to advanced educational training, Ophthalmologists must be trained in clinical and surgical settings.
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Optometrists routinely perform eye examinations. During such eye examinations, Optometrists will also determine the need for, fit and prescribe corrective eyewear and/or lenses. Optometrists can also screen patients for certain eye disorders.
Posted by Vision at 09:48 PM | Comments (0)
June 23, 2006
Epi-LASIK Laser Eye Surgery
Understanding Epi-LASIK Laser Eye Surgery
The most advanced of the surgical eye procedures using laser technology, Epi-LASIK laser eye surgery combines the best of traditional LASIK surgery with the best of the LASEK and PRK laser procedures. Epi stands for Epithelial and LASIK stands for Laser in situ Keratomileusis. Basically this newest procedure involves gently separating the epithelial from the top of the cornea using an epikeratome rather than slicing the top of the cornea and creating a hinge as is the case with LASIK.
A good candidate for Epi-LASIK laser eye surgery is someone who has a very thin cornea and who also has mild to moderate farsightedness, nearsightedness or astigmatism. As with the other types of laser eye surgery, best vision is achieved by using laser beams to reshape the cornea.
Benefits of Epi-LASIK laser eye surgery
The two main benefits of the Epi-LASIK procedure are its quicker recovery time and the speed at which vision is restored. Because the cornea is not cut with a microkeratome (a sharp blade) the cornea does not have to heal. And because only a thin layer of the epithelial is separated, it too has the ability to heal quickly. This type of procedure eliminates the potential risks associated with incorrectly cutting the cornea, which in some cases can cause a number of vision problems including a permanent loss of vision. There also is less pain.
Risks of Epi-LASIK
While no surgical procedure is without risk, proper candidate screening including thorough diagnostic testing will significantly reduce the risks associated with Epi-LASIK surgery.
The Epi-LASIK procedure
As with the other laser eye procedures, the Epi-LASIK procedure also takes less than 10 minutes to complete. Anesthetic drops are placed into the eye to minimize pain and discomfort. From there, the epithelial must be moved off to the side so that the laser can reach the intended target area.
Specialized equipment is used to first stabilize the eye. Then, the epithelium separator makes a pass across the eye and flattens the cornea which makes it easier to separate the epithelial. It is not separated completely, rather it remains attached in the middle instead of at one side as happens with the LASIK procedure. A small spatula-type tool is used to move the flap out of the way.
The laser then begins emitting pulses of ultraviolet light, quickly removing the excess tissue from the cornea. As the laser pulses, the cornea is being reshaped. This continues until the proper amount of excess tissue is removed, as determined by the eye surgeon. When finished, antibiotic drops are placed in the eye to protect against infection, and a contact lens-like bandage is applied. Those opting for the Epi-LASIK procedure can usually resume normal activity the day after the procedure. Several follow-up visits are required to monitor healing and vision.
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It's important to choose an Epi-LASIK eye surgeon with care. Discuss the surgeon's experience with this type of procedure including success rates. Also discuss the type of care that will be provided during all stages: before, during and after the procedure and associated costs.
Posted by Vision at 09:46 PM | Comments (0)
June 22, 2006
Corrective Eye Surgery
Understanding Corrective Eye Surgery
Several types of correct eye surgery exist today and these different types of corrective eye surgery fall under two main categories: Excimer Laser procedures and Non-Excimer laser procedures. As is the case with other conditions that affect the body, major technological advances have been made in recent years in the field of corrective eye surgery. The following is a brief introduction to the two categories.
Excimer Laser Procedures
An Excimer laser is a tool that was approved for the treatment of nearsightedness ranging in severity from mild to moderate. Use of the Excimer laser is complicated and it's important to work with ophthalmologists who are both trained in the surgical procedure and who have demonstrated the ability to properly operate and calibrate this precision instrument.
The Excimer Laser was originally approved for PKR, or Photorefractive Keratectomy and its usage was later expanded for LASIK procedures, or Laser in situ Keratomileusis. With PKR, the cornea is reshaped by eliminating excess tissue from the cornea's outer surface. With each computer calculated lightening-fast laser pulse, a microscopic ultraviolet light beam removes the excess tissue. After only a few minutes and the application of local anesthesia, the procedure is over. In just a day or so, patients can resume normal activity.
In a LASIK procedure, the eye doctor rather than the laser's built-in computer determines where incisions will be made and how much tissue will be removed. This is a more complex and invasive procedure and it is one that is recommended for more severe refractive conditions. Using a microkeratome (a knife), the eye surgeon slices and then pulls back a flap of the tissue covering the cornea. With the tissue out of the way, the laser is then used to remove tissue and reshape the cornea. The flap is put back into place and the patient typically can see well enough to drive home after the procedure. LASEK and epi-LASIK are variations of the LASIK procedure.
Non Excimer Laser Procedures
These are procedures that rely on artificial implants, surgery and reshaping to correct eye problems. Lens implants are effective for individuals who have cataracts, nearsightedness and farsightedness. Intraocular lenses or IOLs are used as replacements for the damaged cloudy lenses caused by cataracts. New and improved artificial lenses now incorporate the use of hinges that allow the eye to move and act like a real lens.
Other types of implantable contact lens can correct nearsightedness and farsightedness. They act much like removable contact lenses but require no maintenance and wearers cannot feel these lenses and implants.
Thermokeratoplasty involves the use of heat to manipulate the collagen within the cornea. In doing so, refractive errors can be corrected in a matter of minutes. There are two types of Thermokeratoplasty procedures. Laser thermal keratoplasty or LTK involves the use of holmium YAG laser and CK or conductive keratoplasty involves use of radiofrequency waves.
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Astigmatic Keratotomy (AK) involves cutting the cornea in order to reshape it. However, its use has diminished since laser treatments involve less risk and are far more effective at reshaping the cornea.
Posted by Vision at 09:44 PM | Comments (0)
June 21, 2006
Conjunctivitis
What is Conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis is an eye problem in which the conjunctiva, which is the mucous membrane that covers the eyelid and the white part of both eyes, becomes inflamed. There are two main types of Conjunctivitis, or pink eye as it is more commonly referred to. The first results from a bacterial or viral infection and the other results from an allergic reaction.
The infective form of Conjunctivitis, if it's caused by bacteria, is highly contagious with the hands being the primary vehicle for transmission. Conjunctivitis that results from an allergic reaction is typically a seasonal condition as are most allergies.
Conjunctivitis can also result when a person is sensitive to certain facial products and cosmetics. This latter form is sometimes referred to as irritant Conjunctivitis. Allergic and irritant Conjunctivitis are not contagious.
Symptoms of Conjunctivitis
The symptoms of the infective form of Conjunctivitis include discharge that is watery or sticky, eyes that water and feel gritty, and eyes that feel as if they have been glued together upon waking. Mild soreness is sometimes a symptom. The part of the eye that is normally white will also become red or pink, which is why Conjunctivitis has earned the nickname 'pink eye'. Because Conjunctivitis often develops along with a common cold, a person may also have symptoms of a cold including runny nose, mild fever and a sore throat.
With the allergic form of Conjunctivitis, eyes are itchy and the eyelids may appear puffy. There may also be a discharge from the eyes that appears white or watery or ropy.
Who is at risk?
Anyone is at risk of getting Conjunctivitis. Because it can be contagious, a person with Conjunctivitis needs to take measures not to spread it. It's difficult because it is normal to rub the infected eye as a way of providing temporary relief. However, if hands are not washed afterwards and the cause is bacterial, the bacteria can be transferred to another individual by coming into contact with the infected hands.
People who have a history of allergies, particularly hay fever, are at increased risk of developing the allergic form of conjunctivitis.
Early detection/treatment
Infective Conjunctivitis with its notable pink eye often will accompany a common cold making this eye problem rather easy to identify. Likewise a person with known allergies knows whether or not he has allergic Conjunctivitis.
Treatment for infective Conjunctivitis that is caused by bacteria includes the application of antibiotic ointment or antibiotic drops. If it is caused by a virus, typically the condition is left to heal on its own, much like a cold. Generally however, it is difficult to determine whether infective Conjunctivitis has resulted from bacteria or a virus so oftentimes, no treatment is prescribed.
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In either case it is important to wash hands after coming into contact with the infected eyes using warm water and soap. Those with infective Conjunctivitis should not share their towels or pillows with others. Also when Conjunctivitis is present, contact lenses should not be worn until it has cleared.
Posted by Vision at 09:42 PM | Comments (0)
June 20, 2006
Color Blindness
What is Color Blindness?
Color blindness is a condition in which a person cannot distinguish color properly. There are several variations of color blindness and each one relates back to a problem with the functionality of the cells inside the retina that deal with processing light sensitivity. The rod cells are activated by low light while the cone cells are activated by daylight.
Color blindness results when one or more of the 3 cone systems is not functioning properly or at all. Some affected individuals are unable to detect any color and the life they see is monochrome. It's as if these individuals constantly view black and white movies. Called monochromacy, this is the rarest form of color defect. Dichromacy (red-green defects) of which there are 3 different types and anomalous trichromacy (blue-yellow) are more common.
Symptoms of Color Blindness
The main symptom of color blindness is an inability to distinguish and/or correctly identify colors, particularly reds and greens and blues and yellows.
Who is at risk?
In the majority of cases, color blindness is hereditary, something that runs in the family. However, color blindness can also develop as the result of damage to the optic nerve, the eye (specifically the retina) and even the brain. In a few instances, this eye condition has been traced back to chemical exposure including exposure to medicines and poisons.
Interestingly, color blindness is more prevalent in men than women. Age is also a factor in partial color blindness. As the eyes ages, the lens tends to become darker which translates into images taking on a darker hue.
Early detection/treatment
Color blindness is very easy to detect with Pseudoisochromatic Plate tests. The plates contain colored dots, with the background dots being one color. Another dot color forms the image of a number. Someone with normal color vision will be able to distinguish the number whereas someone with a color defect cannot discern the pattern that has been created using the different colored dots.
Color blindness that is inherited cannot be 'cured' because pigments are lacking. In cases of acquired color blindness, vision may be corrected if the underlying problem can be treated.
Once the type of color blindness has been determined, an affected individual's only option is to rely on visual aids to help 'see' better. Specially-tinted contact lenses or glasses can help compensate for the inability to distinguish certain colors, but cannot restore 'normal' color capacity.
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Affected individuals are generally capable of developing their own methods for accommodating their eye condition, and with the help of others, they make modifications to their environments to ensure their safety.
Posted by Vision at 09:40 PM | Comments (0)
June 19, 2006
Eye Nutrition
Nutrition and Vitamins for Your Eyes
You know that proper nutrition is essential to good health. But did you also know there are certain nutrients that help keep the eyes working properly and that help prevent the onset of certain vision problems and disorders? Well it's true and all you need to do to reap the benefits is make sure you eat nutritionally-balanced meals.
Age has a lot to do with the eye's diminished capacity, but free radicals do much harm to the eyes as well. They can cause damage to the retina, located at the back of the eye. They can also interfere with the lens. Specifically free radicals can prevent the lens' ability to deliver light to the retina. When the light cannot focus properly, the retina cannot produce a clear image to send to the brain.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin are two antioxidants that are currently being studied for their potential to protect the eyes. Let's take a closer look at the other eye-friendly vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin A
A deficiency of vitamin A is known to be a major cause of blindness. It makes sense then that the easiest way to prevent blindness (and also prevent cataracts) is by getting the recommended daily allowance of this vitamin. Getting enough vitamin A also helps ensure your eyes can focus in nighttime light. When deficiencies are persistent, a condition called xerophthalmia may develop with its characteristic dry membranes and thickening of the mucous membranes that line the eyelids. This condition can cause permanent blindness as can macular degeneration, another disorder that has been linked to a deficiency of vitamin A.
Vitamin C
Very high concentrations of Vitamin C are stored in healthy eyes. It's believed that vitamin C protects the eye from damaging ultraviolet rays. Vitamin C's antioxidant qualities protect the eyes from cell damage, including macular degeneration, by neutralizing free radicals. Vitamin C is also believed capable of preventing glaucoma and alleviating its symptoms in cases where it has already developed.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E helps to keeps the mucous membranes of the eyelids lubricated. And it too is considered an antioxidant so getting adequate quantities of this vitamin will help in the prevention of eye disorders and diseases such as macular degeneration and night blindness.
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Zinc
The body needs the mineral zinc to assist with the absorption of Vitamin A. As you read above, this vitamin benefits the eye in many ways so anything that helps the body absorb Vitamin A also helps keep eyes healthy and vision clear.
Posted by Vision at 11:17 PM | Comments (0)
June 18, 2006
Glaucoma
What is Glaucoma?
When it seems your world is closing in on you, it may be Glaucoma. Glaucoma is an eye disease in which the optic nerve slowly deteriorates. As this nerve deteriorates, diminished side or peripheral vision is usually the first noticeable symptom. Unfortunately, by the time the peripheral vision is affected, Glaucoma has already taken hold.
In a healthy eye, pressure is regulated by the flow of a clear fluid called the aqueous that contains oxygen and other nutrients delivered by way of the bloodstream. The fluid circulates through the eye, it drains and it's continually replenished.
When the aqueous fluid cannot circulate or drain properly, pressure inside the eye builds. Other factors that can cause the optic nerve to deteriorate include inadequate blood supply to the nerve or problems with the structure and/or strength of the optic nerve fibers.
Symptoms of Glaucoma
Glaucoma can develop at any age, but the likelihood of it developing increases after age 35. As stated above, the first notable symptom of Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma is diminished peripheral vision. Most often, this loss takes place gradually in one eye. The other eye compensates for the damaged eye which is why the loss is not noticeable until the condition has progressed. Secondary Glaucoma has the same symptoms, the difference being that increased eye pressure most often results from an eye injury, tumor, infection, drugs or inflammation.
With Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma the symptoms are different. They include the appearance of halos around lights, blurred vision, nausea and severe pain. Congenital Glaucoma is apparent at birth. Abnormal fluid drainage causes excessive tearing, a cloudy cornea and eyes that are enlarged and that are sensitive to light.
Who is at risk?
Those with a family history of Glaucoma are most at risk. Diabetics, Afro-Americans and individuals with severe nearsightedness are also in a high-risk category.
Early detection/treatment
Testing for Glaucoma is done as part of a routine eye exam. The eye doctor uses a tonometer to test the pressure in the eyes. The optic nerve is also evaluated using an ophthalmoscope. A gonioscope, which is similar to a large magnifying glass, can check the channels through which the aqueous fluid flows. If Glaucoma is suspected, the eye doctor will initiate tests to evaluate peripheral vision.
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Early detection can prolong vision, but eventually the affected person will lose vision. Treatment focuses on relieving the pressure on the eye which limits damage to the optic nerve. Surgery, laser treatments, eye drops and medications are all used to treat Glaucoma.
Posted by Vision at 08:51 AM | Comments (0)
June 17, 2006
Floaters and Spots
What are Floaters and Spots?
In the majority of instances, floaters and spots really are harmless. And believe it or not, as is the case for most individuals, floaters and spots have been present all throughout life. For some, the appearance of these tiny flecks may be a nuisance, but overall, they are simply a fact of life.
What has come to be known as floaters and spots are particles of protein that break apart and float around the clear, gel-like fluid within the eyes. Because they break apart, no two floaters or spots are like in shape or size. They can have ragged edges, they can appear as tiny threads or cobwebs, they can appear as black or white flecks, and they sometimes appear as flashes of light.
As mentioned previously, floaters and spots are present however they seem to be more noticeable when a person looks at a brightly-colored background such as a wall or the sky, or an image that does not have a pattern.
People 'see' floaters and spots because the gel-like substances create shadows on the retina. It's usually not possible to focus on floaters and spots because they move around in sync with the eye's movements.
Symptoms of Floaters and Spots
Since floaters and spots are always present but only sometimes visible, and because they are not considered a disease or even an eye problem, there are not any 'symptoms' associated with their presence. The only symptoms of floaters and spots are the minute obstructions they cause to a person's vision.
Who is at risk?
At risk isn't an appropriate term since floaters and spots generally are harmless. Most people have them and for most people, their presence is not an indication of a more serious situation. So every person could be considered 'at risk'.
Their presence does tend to increase with age, after age 40, as the vitreous fluid starts to deteriorate. Their presence can also increase as a result of an eye inflammation or injury or the presence of an eye disease. Their presence is more noticeable for people who are nearsighted or have previously undergone surgery for cataracts.
Early detection/treatment
Routine eye examinations are the best way to determine whether floaters and spots are harmless or whether their presence is an indication of a more serious problem within the eyes. Fortunately, the instances in which floaters and spots are being caused by an underlying eye condition are very rare.
An eye doctor has many tools for testing and examining the eyes. When a patient believes that the floaters and spots are impacting the field of vision, it is important to inform the eye doctor of this and to also be prepared to describe the ways in which vision is being affected. That way, the eye doctor can focus and repeat as necessary tests that determine the presence of other eye diseases and problems such as cataracts, glaucoma or detached retina.
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There are no treatments for floaters and spots because their appearance is completely natural.
Posted by Vision at 08:49 AM | Comments (0)
June 16, 2006
Blepharitis
What is Blepharitis?
When the eyelids can become inflamed, the problem in most cases is a chronic eye disease called Blepharitis. Similar in nature to the skin condition called eczema, in case of Blepharitis, the eyelids become red, scaly and irritated.
Symptoms of Seborrheic Blepharitis
Individuals suffering from Seborrheic Blepharitis generally also suffer from skin conditions that affect other parts of the body including the scalp, chest and back.
With Seborrheic Blepharitis, there is a problem with the tear film that the body produces to help protect and lubricate the eyes. It can be either a problem with the quality or the quantity but regardless, the resulting tear film causes greasy scales to form at the base of the eyelashes. These scales flake off easily and cause irritation. When insufficient quantities of tear film are produced, usually because the glands are blocked, the eye does not get lubricated properly. The dry spots cause the eyes to feel gritty.
Symptoms of Staph Blepharitis
Staph Blepharitis is actually a childhood eye disease that is caused by a bacterial infection. This condition generally does not go away. Its symptoms include the development and accumulation of crusty material at the base of the eyelashes. The crust often affects a person's ability to open their eyes after sleep. Sometimes, after the crusty matter is removed, tiny ulcers remain that begin to bleed or otherwise ooze. Sties can develop, as can red eye, and the eyelashes can become weak and break. If the infection is not treated properly, over time, the cornea can become scarred.
Who is at risk?
Both adults and children can develop Blepharitis however it is more prevalent in adults. There is an increased risk in children diagnosed with Down's syndrome.
Early detection/treatment
As with other diseases of the eye, Blepharitis is typically diagnosed during a routine eye exam. Since one cause of this condition is poor hygiene, the most effective treatment for Blepharitis involves keeping the eyelid margin area super clean. To prevent irritation from excessive cleaning, it is often recommended that this area be cleaned with a shampoo that is formulated for babies. A washcloth can also be used to help remove the scaly deposits.
A hot pack or warm compress applied to the affected areas is effective at reducing pain and swelling. When ulcers are present, a hot pack can also help speed the healing process.
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When the condition is caused by dry eyes, lubricants are effective treatments. If necessary, antibiotic ointments and creams can be applied to affected areas. Some people are prescribed steroids to help reduce the inflammation however their use should only be a short-term treatment option.
Posted by Vision at 09:38 PM | Comments (0)
June 15, 2006
Astigmatism
What is Astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a common eye problem in which a person's cornea or lens has an irregular shape. These problems are known as Corneal astigmatism and Lenticular astigmatism respectively.
The cornea is a clear layer that completely covers the part of the eye that has color. Ideally, the shape of the cornea is round, like a tennis ball. The cornea's job is to bend rays of light that enter the eye so that these light rays can be better focused on the lens enabling the retina to produce a clear image.
When the cornea has a more oval shape, like that of a football, light cannot focus properly. Instead of one focus point, as is what happens when the cornea is properly shaped, the misshapen cornea focuses light onto two areas of the retina. That is what results in blurred vision and/or the appearance of doubled vision.
Symptoms of Astigmatism
Blurred vision, 'ghosting' or images that are doubled are the most common symptoms of astigmatism. These types of vision problems occur at all distances. Fatigue, eye strain and frequent headaches are other symptoms that may indicate astigmatism.
Who is at risk?
The shape of the cornea can be affected by anything that causes the eyelids to exert excessive pressure on the cornea. Other risk factors for astigmatism include hereditary, poor posture and performing redundant and excessive amounts of up-close work. Those who are nearsighted or farsighted are also at higher risk of developing astigmatism. Other factors that can increase the appearance of astigmatism include head trauma or a cut, tear or scar on the cornea.
Keratoconus, a condition which over time causes the cornea to thin and take on a more cone shape can also cause astigmatism. This condition develops around puberty and affects more women than men. It's also caused by excessive rubbing of the eyes.
Finally, diabetics are at increased risk of developing astigmatism as elevated blood-sugar levels can cause the shape of the lens to change.
Early Detection/Treatment
A routine eye exam is the easiest way to detect astigmatism. The eye doctor will do a number of tests to determine vision clarity. To determine how light rays focus on the retina the eye doctor can perform a refractive evaluation. Reading the eye chart is a good way to determine visual acuity. Checking eye muscle performance, eye coordination and eye focusing capability are also part of a routine eye exam and can all help determine the presence and degree of astigmatism. Astigmatism is measured in terms of diopters and ranges from mild to severe.
Since astigmatism is an eye condition and not an eye disease, it is highly treatable. Common treatment options include corrective eye glasses and (toric) contact lenses.
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Surgical treatment options have been highly successful at correcting the shape of the cornea. Photorefractive Keratectomy or PKR uses laser beams to change the cornea's shape. LASIK surgery involves making small incisions on the sides of cornea using laser beams. With Radical Keratectomy, laser beam incisions are made into the cornea.
Posted by Vision at 09:36 PM | Comments (0)
June 14, 2006
Allergies
When a person has an allergic reaction, the eyes frequently become affected. Eyes turn red, become itchy and irritated, and they can also become watery. Rubbing the eyes seems to offer comfort, but the reality is that rubbing eyes that are responding to an allergic reaction often compounds the discomfort.
What are Eye Allergies?
Conjunctivitis allergies are a specific category of allergies that affect the eyes. Conjunctivitis is generally triggered by an outdoor seasonal allergen such as ragweed or grass. Conjunctivitis allergies are also known as Hay Fever conjunctivitis.
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is seasonal in nature and primarily impacts children. With this form of eye allergy, the edges around the outside of the cornea are affected. Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis is similar with the difference being that it affects adults. It is a chronic condition and it's one that can cause the eyes to become scarred if not treated.
Symptoms of Allergies
When exposure to an allergen occurs, the body reacts by releasing histamines. Histamine release causes fluids to build up in the nasal cavity, sinuses and also on the surface of the eye as well as the insides of the eyelids. This release is also a source of significant irritation. In addition to irritation, the eyes may become red and watery, and the eyes and eyelids can become swollen. In addition to the visible symptoms, eye allergies may cause a feeling that something is stuck inside the eye or a feeling that the eye is being scratched. Vision can also become blurry or hazy or otherwise unclear.
Who is at risk?
Any person regardless of age can develop eye allergies.
Early detection/treatment
The most effective treatment for allergies is to stay away from those items that trigger allergic reactions. Many everyday cosmetics including mascara, eye liners and eye brow pencils and face creams can all trigger an allergic reaction. In some individuals, eye allergies can be caused by wearing contact lenses. Dust mites, mold and pet dander can also cause eye allergies.
When allergies are suspected, detection is the key to effective treatment. It's important to note what a person had been exposed to immediately before the allergic reaction occurred. Over time, patterns will become apparent. Once the culprit has been identified, steps should be taken to restrict exposure to the allergen.
Changing the brand of cosmetics and other personal care products can help as can discussing the possibility of obtaining a different contact lens prescription.
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In addition to these changes, over-the-counter antihistamines, decongestants and eye drops can all help alleviate the symptoms of eye allergies. If allergies are troublesome and/or persistent, it may be time to see an allergist who can recommend prescription medications and eye drops to treat the symptoms of eye allergies.
Posted by Vision at 09:35 PM | Comments (0)
June 13, 2006
Is LASIK Surgery Right for You? - Part II
Many patients are very satisfied with the improved quality of life that they experience after LASIK Surgery. Read on to decide whether LASIK Surgery is right for you.
The different types of LASIK Surgery
Standard LASIK
Prior to the scheduled procedure date, the eye surgeon meets with patient to re-test for certain eye problems and diseases. When it's confirmed that the patient meets the requirements, a procedure date is set.
On the day of the procedure, the eye doctor may perform another corneal topography to confirm that nothing has changed that would require changing the procedure. Three types of eye drops are then administered. The drops anesthetize the eye, protect the eye from post-operative inflammation and protect the eye from infection.
Next, the patient reclines and the laser is positioned overhead with the eye surgeon above it. To remove the flap, the patient's eye must first be stabilized. The eye is kept from blinking by placing it into a restrainer. Suction is administered to the eyeball and the microkeratome makes one swift slice across the top of the cornea. The resulting flap (which should still be hinged to the eye) is pulled away with tiny tweezers.
The laser then emits a pre-determined number of laser pulses to remove the excess tissue, a process which takes literally seconds. The flap is pulled back into place and saline solution clears the eye of any debris. The eye is covered and the procedure is finished unless the other eye is receiving a LASIK Surgery treatment.
Custom LASIK Surgery
In standard LASIK, the computer inside the laser determines the number and location of laser pulses based solely on the patient's prescription. With custom LASIK, the eye surgeon creates a three-dimensional image of the eye. The image results are then fed into the laser's computer and the patient receives a laser treatment that is truly customized to that eye.
Risks and complications
As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with LASIK Surgery. The procedure may under- or over-treat the eye. Under-treatments can be corrected with additional surgery however over treatment generally results in the patient needing to continue wearing corrective lenses. Loss of vision or compromised vision, especially at night, are other risks. Dry eye syndrome can develop. And vision that has been surgically corrected may decline over time. Another serious risk involves using an inexperienced ophthalmologist.
Tips on selecting a LASIK Surgery surgeon
Get referrals from people you trust and then make arrangements to interview several candidates.
Make the most of the pre-procedure consultation. Prepare a list of questions to ask each surgeon and record the answers. It's important to understand what care the ophthalmologist intends to provide during all stages of surgery: before, during and afterwards as well as all costs.
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Remember that low cost doesn't mean top quality. Your eyesight is far too valuable to allow cost to be the determining factor.
Posted by Vision at 09:33 PM | Comments (0)
June 12, 2006
Is LASIK Surgery Right for You? - Part I
Advertisements for LASIK surgery are everywhere. Anyone who wears contact lenses and eye glasses can relate well to the feeling of finally being free of the maintenance and bother involved in wearing either. As tempting as the advertisements are, LASIK Surgery may not be right for everyone.
Understanding LASIK Surgery
Reshaping the cornea generally is a simple matter of removing excess tissue from beneath the cornea. In order to get at this tissue, a tiny flap must be pulled back from the cornea's surface. The laser can create this flap, and so can a tool called a microkeratome blade.
Laser pulses zap as much excess tissue as the ophthalmologist determines after reviewing a very detailed image of the cornea called a corneal topography. In literally a matter of minutes and often without feeling any pain, the shape of the cornea is corrected and vision restored. In fact, vision is usually restored so quickly that a patient can drive him or herself home from the procedure.
Deciding on LASIK Surgery
One of the biggest decisions a person interested in LASIK Surgery needs to make is whether this type of eye surgery is affordable. It is categorized as a cosmetic type of surgery and therefore many health insurance plans won't provide coverage.
The costs for this surgery vary considerably, but generally the costs of using a reliable and knowledgeable ophthalmologist will run several thousand dollars – per eye! So cost is definitely one big consideration.
If it's decided that the costs are justifiable, there are some individuals for whom this type of surgery may not be effective. Only healthy eyes and eyes that have stopped changing can be operated on. There also are certain prescription limitations which automatically disqualify a patient from this type of surgery.
A comprehensive review of a prospective patient's medical history is undertaken prior to LASIK Surgery. A number of tests are also performed at an initial consultation for the purpose of detecting eye problems and/or diseases which could affect the surgery. Due to hormonal considerations, LASIK Surgery cannot take place when a woman is pregnant or when either a man or a woman has a compromised immune system as this condition could jeopardize the eye's recovery.
To summarize, if such a procedure is affordable and the eyes meet the procedure requirements, LASIK Surgery may be a good option to pursue. The surgery itself has a very high success rate and combined with the fact that it's practically painless, it probably makes sense to give it a try.
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The next section will review the different types of LASIK Surgery that are available and the risks and possible complications of each.
Posted by Vision at 09:31 PM | Comments (0)
June 11, 2006
Dry Eye Syndrome
What is Dry Eye Syndrome?
Dry eye syndrome is a common eye problem. In fact, it is estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States alone suffer from dry eye syndrome. A person who has dry eye syndrome generally has a problem with the quantity or quality of the tear film which is responsible for properly lubricating the eyes.
Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome
Eye irritation is the most notable symptom of dry eyes. Eyes may itch, burn and become red. It doesn't seem possible, but excessive tearing is also a symptom of dry eyes. That's because the eyes produce tears in response to many conditions including protecting eyes from injury.
Who is at risk?
Anyone is at risk of developing dry eye syndrome, but the majority of complaints arise from the elderly. As people age, the body's production of oil begins to slow. As oil production diminishes, less oil is available for the outer layer of tears. With less oil, the moisture produced by the middle layer cannot be properly sealed and it therefore evaporates more quickly, leading to the dry spots on the cornea known as dry eye syndrome.
Older women are more at risk than men. Hormonal changes during menopause are primary culprits. Smokers are at higher risk, too. Many environmental conditions increase the occurrence of dry eyes including air conditioning, hot, dry climates, wind and higher altitudes. People who read a lot or work at a computer all day complain more of dry eyes because they tend not to blink as much.
Those who take certain medicines, who suffer from a deficiency of vitamin A or who have been diagnosed with certain diseases including Parkinson's disease tend to have dry eyes.
Early detection/treatment
Most individuals know whether they have dry eyes, but an eye doctor should confirm this eye problem. Detection takes place using special eye drops that help the eye doctor gauge tear production and associated rates of evaporation.
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Artificial tear drops placed regularly into the affected eye is the most common form of dry eye treatment. Collagen or silicon plugs can be inserted into the tear drains to keep tears from draining. Drinking plenty of water helps, too, as it keeps the body hydrated. Avoiding eye rubbing and blinking more frequently also help alleviate dry eye syndrome.
Posted by Vision at 09:30 PM | Comments (0)
June 10, 2006
Cataracts and Cataract Surgery
Eye Problems and Diseases – Cataracts and Cataract Surgery
More than 60 million individuals around the world have cataract. Cataract is the #1 cause of blindness but fortunately, cataract is highly treatable with cataract surgery.
What is Cataract?
There are 3 different types of cataracts and each type affects a different part of the eye. At the center of the lens is the nucleus and the most common of the cataracts affects this region. Cortical cataract and subcapsular cataract are more common in individuals who have diabetes.
Symptoms of Cataract
Vision that is cloudy or blurred is the most obvious symptom of a cataract. Nearsightedness can increase and images that were once clear can appear distorted when cataract is present. Less noticeable symptoms include the need for more and brighter light when reading, sensitivity to light, trouble seeing at night, double vision and colors that fade or seem 'yellow'. These symptoms develop because the cloudiness on the lens prevents it from refracting light properly.
Who is at risk?
Everyone is at risk of developing cataract and the likelihood that this type of eye problem will develop increases with each passing year. Simply stated, anyone fortunate to reach old age will likely develop cataract.
Risks increase if there is a family history of cataract. Steroids and some medications can also increase the chances of developing cataract as can eye injury or previous eye surgery. Those with diabetes also have an increased risk.
Early detection/treatment
A routine eye examination is the most effective way of detecting the presence or development of cataract. Because blurred vision can be caused by a number of factors, proper diagnosis is important.
It used to be that a person with cataract in one or both eyes would have to endure painful surgery to remedy the situation. But today, cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure that involves replacing the cloudy lens with an intraocular lens (IOL). The success rate of cataract surgery is extremely high. And surgery is the only option.
Cataract surgery is not recommended until the loss of vision becomes troublesome and impacts quality of life. Cataract generally develops gradually so in many cases, vision in the early stages can be corrected with prescription eyeglasses. An ophthalmologist can determine the stage at which cataract surgery is necessary.
It's important to note that some people with cataract also have other types of eye problems. For them, cataract surgery may not restore vision. Again, an ophthalmologist can help with this determination.
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When cataract surgery is performed, an amazing 95% of the surgeries involve no complications whatsoever. Local anesthesia, tiny instruments and a microscope are generally all that is needed to perform successful cataract surgery.
Posted by Vision at 09:28 PM | Comments (0)
June 09, 2006
Age Related Macular Degeneration
What is Age Related Macular Degeneration?
As the name implies, Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is an eye disease that is primarily triggered by age. There are two types of ARMD, wet and dry. Either can affect one or both eyes. The dry form is more prevalent, occurring in 90% of the cases. It's slow to develop and vision loss is gradual, although not necessarily severe. The wet form is much more damaging, causing rapid and severe vision loss.
Vision loss is not total because ARMD affects the central vision, not the peripheral vision. When the macula is damaged, a person cannot create a clearly detailed image. Since the macula is in the center of the retina, central vision is affected. The macula is a group of nerve cells that utilize light to create and send images to the retina.
Symptoms of ARMD
Those affected by ARMD will notice a spot in their vision that is clearly indistinguishable. For example, when looking directly at an image of a person, legs and head will be clearly visible, but the body itself, the part right in the center of vision, will appear to be covered with an area that appears either empty or dark. Besides blurred vision, straight lines may seem wavy and a person may not be able to recognize images that should be familiar.
Who is at risk?
Age is a primary risk factor of ARMD, with the majority of the cases developing in individuals aged 60 and over. However, hereditary and the environment can also trigger the onset of the dry form of this eye disease. Females develop ARMD more often than men.
Free radicals cause much of the cell damage that occurs inside the retina therefore cigarette smoking and hypertension increase the risks of developing ARMD. Those who do not eat a nutritionally-balanced diet may also be at risk as they are not providing the body with the antioxidant protection it needs to inhibit the damage caused by free radicals.
Early Detection/Treatment
It's difficult to detect ARMD. The dry form is slow to develop, and generally develops only in one eye. The unaffected eye compensates for the damaged eye, so symptoms are not readily noticeable.
Yellow deposits called drusen on the retina can usually be observed during an eye exam. The eye chart and dilating the pupils are two methods of detection. When wet ARMD is suspected, the eye doctor will use an Amsler grid or fluorescein angiography.
Unfortunately, no treatment can restore this type of eye damage. Glasses will not help, but vision aids and counseling can help a person adjust to life with a reduced vision loss.
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Laser surgery treatments and photodynamic therapy have had limited success on wet Age Related Macular Degeneration. Other treatment options such as medication and radiation are still being studied.
Posted by Vision at 09:23 PM | Comments (0)
